There was a jobs bloodbath in the commercial agriculture sector. Agricultural production plummeted and the country went from a net food exporter to a net importer. Once the change was voted in, “fast tracking” land reform for resettlement became policy. Under the Lancaster House Agreement, Mugabe’s government could only acquire land on a “willing seller, willing buyer, fair market” basis for the first 10 years of independence. China has donated US$5m to help starving Zimbabweans in the rural areas over this year's dry season. But perhaps more than any other issue in Zimbabwe, it has historically been met with inertia from government and the international community. Only about 50000 households were settled in the first decade of independence. 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Zimbabwe’s land reform: challenging the myths Ian Scoones, Nelson Marongwe, Blasio Mavedzenge, Felix Murimbarimba, Jacob Mahenehene and Chrispen Sukume For discussion at the Program in Agrarian Studies Colloquium, Yale, December 2nd 2011 by Ian Scoones, Professorial Fellow, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, UK (i.scoones@ids.ac.uk) Also: submission to Journal of … It demanded that the UK provide funding for the endeavour. On the other side of the spectrum is Australia which, as a stable The white farmers are owed US$9bn in compensation for improvements made on the farms before they were expropriated. This was in part due to subsequent land acts that protected commercial agricultural production. Four decades later, it’s still about land. For Zimbabwean farmers like Benard Chinyemba (L), 60, a qualified mechanical engineer who was offered a farm during Zimbabwe's land reform, the programme is a success (AFP Photo/Jekesai NJIKIZANA) Ish MAFUNDIKWA. Although some of the land was transferred to poor blacks who had basic farming skills, a lot of the best land was transferred to Zanu-PF politicians. William Gumede is Associate Professor in the Wits School of Governance. The World Food Programme (WFP) reckoned that over a million people in Zimbabwe's rural areas will face hunger during the 2018 and 2019 dry season, which is between October and March. Whilst there are some A2 farmers who have made a success out of their allocation of land, it is on a much smaller scale than what was previously being done. But as importantly, the populist, chaotic and vengeful land reform also undermined the financial system underpinning the economy, market confidence which is needed for new local and foreign investments and the credibility of the government's broader economy policies. ESRC Social 13,280 views. Didn't we give them land?". When Mugabe came to power in 1980, his government inherited an agricultural sector that was dependent on subsidies and government support. Corruption, coupled with the gazetting of white-owned farms, threatened remaining donor funding. 15 … Land invasions here is rather appropriate as in most cases the land w as revoked from the commercial farmers by force and one cannot call this land reform programme. As a consequence, large-scale commercial farming of more profitable crops such as tobacco increased. A decade ago Mugabe, with the country facing economic collapse and his own leadership being challenged within Zanu-PF, launched a populist land reform programme to strengthen his own waning position within the governing party, which saw white-owned land being expropriated. If you are a journalist looking for a Wits academic or researcher to provide comment and analysis, find an expert here. BEST Magic Show in the world - Cool Couple America's Got Talent - The Clairvoyants - … In each of these countries the process of land reform is incomplete. The slow pace of land reform continued after the end of the Lancaster House Agreement. All of this means that land reform will have to be done honestly, pragmatically and to expand, rather than destroy, the industrial base of a country. This is the policy that needs Zimbabwean and international support post-Mugabe to address the country’s rural hunger, and perhaps employment, challenges. § Speeding up the identification for … The story is not simply one of collapse and catastrophe. Harare (AFP) - Eighty-year-old Isobel Simons calmly narrated how she and her late husband lost their 728-hectare Zimbabwe farm two decades ago … At independence most African states with settler white farmers inherited a skewed land distribution in favour of the white commercial farmers. Almost 40 years after independence, land reform remains at the heart of Zimbabwe’s political and economic challenges. The Zimbabwean land reform failed, like black economic empowerment in Zimbabwe and in South Africa; because it did not transfer land rights to blacks already in business, especially in the SMMEs sector – the real black entrepreneurs – but transferred commercially successful assets to political capitalists with no business inclination or skills whatsoever. There has been a significant drop in total farm output which has led to instances of starvation and famine. Southern Rhodesia’s Land Apportionment Act of 1930 reserved 50% of the land in the country for white settlers, 30% for Africans, and 20% for commercial companies and the colonial government. As opposition movements grew, Zanu-PF became increasingly willing to adopt programmes aimed at fast tracking land reform to landless, discontented, yet voting, populations. As a Zimbabwean working with former farm workers in Zimbabwe, I would have to say that, from my experience, the land reform programme has been as destructive as the media makes out. Images of chaos, destruction and violence have dominated the coverage. The aim of the programme was to empower the local Zimbabweans economically and to improve on food security. Before the land reform, the country was agriculturally almost self-sufficient, but land reform collapsed agricultural productivity to such an extent that the country now imports most products. Furthermore, it also makes land reform susceptible to populism, revenge and ideological reasons. Beverly L Peters is director and assistant professor, measurement & evaluation, at the School of Professional and Extended Studies, American University. In 2016, then Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe declared a state of disaster for agriculture, a declaration which allowed international donors to help. This undoubtedly stalled land reform. December 21, 2016 Opinion. This took place before parliament passed a bill that changed the constitution to legalise the expropriation of white-owned farms without compensation. There were other constraints. This is at the heart of the second Chimurenga, and Mugabe’s almost 40-year-old promise to the population of Zimbabwe. Why Zimbabwe land reform has failed. This undermined, rather than added value. They also lacked access to capital, markets, technology, and extension services. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The land reform boosted his and Zanu-PF's popularity, particularly in the rural areas. Land Reform Programme in Zimbabwe: Disparity Between Policy Design and Implementation Medicine Masiiwa Institute of Development Studies University of Zimbabwe May 2004 Note: An adapted version of this paper appears in the edited collection Post Independence Land Reform in Zimbabwe, published in May 2004 by the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Harare. If a land reform programme is to succeed it must be radical and far reaching. Zimbabwe is no exception. Zimbabwe's failed populist-based land reform is a salutary lesson for South Africa on how land reform must be pragmatic, safe-guard commercial agriculture and focus on boosting ordinary subsistence, small, medium and emerging black commercial farmers already committed to farming. This declaration was also a clear and very public admittance that land reform had failed. Instead it embarked on a programme of deregulation. "We have not seen these levels of malnutrition in more than 15 years," said Jane Muita, UNICEF's Zimbabwe representative. This chapter discusses land issues in southern Africa in general, and in Zimbabwe in particular. Ironically, in 2015 Mugabe maintained there was "no suffering" in his country. This in turn caused massive hyperinflation and a nationwide depression. Images of chaos, destruction and violence have dominated the coverage. In 1997 the government published a list of 1471 farms that were to be expropriated and resettled. Small-scale farmers therefore focused on other less profitable crops including maize, cotton, and groundnuts. Learn how your comment data is processed. The programme was based on the ‘willing buyer, willing seller’ principle but in practice resulted in slow acquisitions at inflated prices. The Land Reform programme in Zimbabwe has been a major area of international discussion for almost five years now; mainly due to the hitherto unprecedented approach taken by the government of Zimbabwe to address this very emotive issue. This not only caused unemployment within the agriculture, but within the sectors that feed into the commercial agriculture economy. This. The research, conducted by the African Institute for … This was despite the fact that Mugabe came to power largely on the promise of redistributing land to the rural poor. Zimbabwes Land Reform Program: Underinvestment in Post-Conflict Transformation BILL H. KINSEY * Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe Summary. Mugabe, who addressed a Zanu-PF women's league meeting in Harare asked angrily: "But what is that the people are suffering from? This means that land reform can easily be used by opportunistic leaders to bolster their support among blacks – as Mugabe did. While these have been part of the reality, there have also been successes, which have thus far gone largely unrecorded. Terms and Conditions of Use PAIA POPIA ISPA Browser Support, Associate Professor in the Wits School of Governance. Zimbabwe’s land reform has had a bad press. Around 40% of Zimbabwean households are hungry. This undermined, rather than … Through the indigenisation programme, the government of Zimbabwe embarked on fast track land reform which to some extent had both positive and negative impacts. According to the United Nation's children's agency, UNICEF, around 3 million Zimbabweans need regularly food aid. Last week new Zimbabwe president Emmerson Mnangagwa promised compensation to white farmers who lost their land during the disastrous expropriation of land by his predecessor. The money for development of black farmers was corruptly siphoned off. It was also important to maintain good relations and attract foreign investment, notably from the UK, which maintained strong ties with the settler agricultural sector. These continued Lancaster House’s willing seller, willing buyer, and fair market compensation principles, thereby protecting settler commercial agricultural production. As the 1990s drew to a close, persistent drought, a failed structural adjustment programme, rampant inflation, and lack of foreign exchange created a challenging environment for the Zimbabwean government and population. Copyright © 2000-2020 - University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. 4:04. Indeed, these have been part of the reality - but there have also been successes, which have thus far gone largely unrecorded. The UK did not heed the call. Its food production was also immediately disrupted as productivity plummeted. Even the ordinary Zimbabweans who got land and who had real farming skills often lacked the commercial management skills which modern commercial farming now demands. Governments throughout the world have found difficulty devising economically successful land tenure models that incorporate landless populations meaningfully into food and cash crop production. This article was first published on News24. But perhaps more than any other issue in Zimbabwe, it has historically been met with inertia from government and the international community. Today, about five million of the country’s population of 14 million are estimated to be in need of food assistance. On the other hand, this initiative had negative implications to the environment. He added: "The policy is that the new farmer pays for the improvement on the farm and that money is used to compensate the white farmer, and that is government's position.". Land reform is complicated and demands complex coordination and management of market perceptions. Land Reform Programme in Zimbabwe: Disparity between Policy Design and Implementation; Medicine Masiiwa & Lovemore Chipungu 1 Chapter Two Socio-economic Conflicts of the Fast Track Resettlement Programme; Nelson Marongwe 25 Chapter Three The Impact of Land Redistribution on Commercial Farm Workers; Godfrey Magaramombe, 35 Chapter Four The Impact of Land Redistribution on Large Scale … The failure of the agrarian reform policies of the African National Congress has exposed the bourgeois nationalist liberation movement’s inability to resolve the land question. Through continued government intervention from 1980-1985, the smallholder sector developed rapidly, providing maize and cotton largely for local use. Zimbabwe's President Robert Mugabe has admitted failures in the country's controversial land reform programme. If lessons could be learned other African countries should not go t hrough the Zimbabw ean land reform process, as evidence of the successes are outw eighed by the failures of the haphazard violent land grabs. The land reform programme was described as illegal and a failure. As a result, many large-scale and smallholder farmers moved to the commercial production of cash crops such as tobacco and maize for export. © Copyright 2021, Zimbabwe Today is not responsible for the content of external sites. The effect of Zimbabwe's failed land reform programme is clear. Zim exports crashed from annual earnings of $600 million per year in 2000 to $100 million per year in 2009 while the land reform programme reached its peak. For another, redistribution strategies are by their very nature highly prone to corruption, rent-seeking and manipulation – this is often one of the main reasons why redistribution strategies in almost all African and developing countries fail. Still, in the first two decades after independence, small-scale and resettlement farmers were not able to compete with large-scale farmers without continued subsidies and increased market access. As importantly, in the rural areas, land controlled by traditional leaders through customary law remained untouched. The mini-thesis concludes with a strong argument that although other factors could have affected the outcome of land reform, its failure can be attributed to the governance of the process. Land reform in Zimbabwe was not part of a long-term industrialisation strategy, which aimed to create entirely new commercial black farmers, develop a manufacturing sector aligned to it and establish industrially relevant technical higher education institutions to produce new agricultural related skills. Land Reform a success In Zimbabwe Land reform a success: survey Saturday, 05 February 2011 21:26 The Herald Zimbabwe By Tinashe Farawo . This set the stage for future President Robert Mugabe’s childhood and the second Chimurenga. Tobacco became the country’s single largest foreign exchange earner. In 1986, the government decided to create incentives for export production, including foreign exchange and marketing subsidies, making commercial production more profitable. Agric production key to Zim’s food security – Ireti Adesida: Agric production key to Zim’s food security... 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This article is from The Conversation, A FRUITFUL season lies ahead for punters on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange (ZSE) in 2021 …. SA has had a land reform programme since 1994, but it has been largely a failure. THE Government has achieved its objective of empowering indigenous Zimbabweans through the land reform programme as two-thirds of the beneficiaries are ordinary citizens, a new study has revealed. In Zimbabwe, land reform was absolutely necessary to address past land injustices, but Mugabe's land reform was simply exploiting the necessity of land reform for purely selfish gain. In addition, as mentioned in this blog, many of those who have … However, Lands and Agriculture Minister Perrance Shiri, responding recently to opposition member questions in parliament said it is not the state that will be paying the compensation, but individuals who received the expropriated farms, will be expected to do so. Land reform has had a serious negative effect on the Zimbabwe's economy and heavily contributed to its collapse in the 2000s. — In Zimbabwes current crisis, it is easy to overlook the fact that the country had a resettlement program for two decades before the large-scale, politically motivated land occupations … JOHANNESBURG, 3 October (IRIN) - Zimbabwe's fast-track land reform programme has ignored the critical role played by the commercial farming sector in the economy, analysts and farmers have warned. The greatest obstacles to growth is the severe inequality between black and white South Africans. This is partly a result of harsh economic realities, including economies of scale and market access. The state institutions, whether state development finance institutions or agricultural marketing boards, that were supposed to provide new finance or skills transfer to black farmers were all at near collapse, because incompetent Zanu-PF cronies were appointed to run them. This means that the vast majority of rural dwellers are still living as second class citizens, with little rights of tenure, on communal controlled by traditional leaders as if they personally own the land. Zimbabwe’s often violent land reform programme has not been the complete economic disaster widely portrayed, a new study has found. This almost immediately undermined agricultural productivity. "I think the farms we gave to people are too large. In 1999 the International Monetary Fund suspended its funding to Zimbabwe. Land reform in South Africa is the promise of "land restitution" to empower farm workers (who now have the opportunity to become farmers) and reduce inequality. But, as can be seen throughout Zimbabwe, newly settled populations thrive when they are given training and investment that supports the production of food and cash crops. Although there have been some successes, in many cases the beneficiaries, lacking the necessary financing and skills, let the land lie idle. Zimbabwean economist John Robertson puts it succinctly: "By destroying the collateral value of a vitally important national asset, government removed billions of dollars' worth of collateral value from Zimbabwe's economy.". As such the government was loath to embark on large-scale subsidy and asset nationalisation schemes to develop small-scale commercial agriculture. Governments throughout the world have found … It is much more nuanced and complex. Shiri said: "It makes common sense that instead of labouring the tax payer, the person who is directly benefiting from those improvements contributes towards the compensation of the former farmers." Zimbabwe's land reform did not include building housing in urban areas. It therefore needs a competent public sector to manage it. Although they technical "own" land, they cannot invest in it, use it for commercial purpose or to secure finance, because their property "rights" can be taken away from them the moment they disagree with the traditional leader or the Zanu-PF party or leader. But the government was also constrained by the need to maintain the commercial agricultural sector, its ties to the local economy, and its important export earnings. Critics accused Mugabe of awarding tracts of land to government ministers and party loyalists. Violence and continued government threats left the majority of white farmers with little choice but to abandon their land or discontinue cultivation. Again, any meaningful land reform programme must include providing mass housing. The story is not simply one of collapse and catastrophe. Foreign and local investors moved their money out of the country – and started divesting because their assets were not secure. 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